Bees are essential pollinators that contribute to the health of ecosystems and agriculture. However, their presence around homes can sometimes be problematic, particularly when they build nests in or near human activity. In New Jersey, various types of bees can be found, each with unique characteristics, behaviors, and risks. Understanding the different species, their seasonal activity, and how to prevent or manage them can help homeowners address potential concerns while also recognizing their important role in the environment.

Types of Bees in New Jersey
Honey Bees (Apis mellifera): Honey bees are perhaps the most well-known species. They are social bees that live in colonies and are crucial pollinators for crops and flowers. Honey bees were introduced to North America from Europe for agricultural purposes and have since become widespread across the U.S., including New Jersey.

Bumblebees (Bombus): Bumblebees are larger and fuzzier than honey bees, and they are also social, living in small colonies. They are native to North America and are commonly found in gardens and meadows. Bumblebees are important pollinators for both wild plants and crops.

Carpenter Bees (Xylocopa virginica): These bees are solitary and often mistaken for bumblebees due to their size. However, carpenter bees have shiny, hairless abdomens. They are native to North America and are known for burrowing into wood to build nests, which can cause damage to wooden structures.

Sweat Bees (Halictidae): These small bees are attracted to the salt in human sweat and are often seen during the summer months. They are usually metallic green or black and are found throughout New Jersey.

Mason Bees (Osmia): Mason bees are solitary bees that use mud to build nests. They are excellent pollinators and are native to North America. Mason bees do not sting unless handled roughly.

Yellow Jackets (often mistaken for bees, but are actually wasps): Yellow jackets are often confused with bees because of their black and yellow appearance, but they are wasps, not bees. They are aggressive and known for their painful stings, particularly when defending their nests.

Seasonal Characteristics of Bees
In New Jersey, bees become active in the spring when the weather warms up. Honey bees, bumblebees, and carpenter bees emerge from hibernation or their winter nests to start foraging for nectar and pollen. This period lasts through the summer, during which time bees are most visible as they pollinate plants.

By late summer and early fall, bee activity reaches its peak. Honey bee colonies are preparing for the winter by producing honey, while bumblebee colonies grow larger. Carpenter bees continue to bore into wood, laying eggs before the colder months arrive. As the temperatures drop in the fall, bee activity slows down, and most species become dormant or die off, except for honey bees, which overwinter as a colony.

Health Concerns and Potential Risks
Bees generally pose little risk to humans unless they feel threatened or their nests are disturbed. However, there are some health concerns associated with bee stings:

Allergic Reactions: While bee stings are painful, most people experience only temporary discomfort, including swelling and redness at the site of the sting. However, some individuals are allergic to bee venom and may experience severe reactions, including anaphylaxis. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, dizziness, and a rapid pulse, and require immediate medical attention.

Carpenter Bee Damage: Carpenter bees do not pose a health risk, but they can cause significant damage to wooden structures. They burrow into wood to create nesting chambers, which weakens decks, siding, and other wooden parts of homes over time.

Aggressive Behavior of Some Bees: While honey bees and bumblebees are generally not aggressive unless provoked, carpenter bees and yellow jackets (often mistaken for bees) can be more defensive if their nests are disturbed. Yellow jackets, in particular, are aggressive and can sting multiple times.

What Happens When Bees Feel Threatened?
When bees feel threatened, most will attempt to defend themselves or their nests by stinging. Honey bees are unique in that they can sting only once, as they die after delivering a sting. Bumblebees, carpenter bees, and other bees can sting multiple times. Sweat bees and mason bees are typically less aggressive and may not sting unless handled. Yellow jackets, which are often mistaken for bees, are the most aggressive and can deliver multiple painful stings if disturbed.

How to Prevent Bees from Nesting in Your Home
Seal Entry Points: Bees, especially carpenter bees, are attracted to cracks and gaps in wooden structures. Seal any openings in walls, eaves, or siding to prevent bees from nesting in or around your home.

Paint or Stain Wood: Carpenter bees prefer untreated wood, so painting or staining wooden surfaces can help deter them from burrowing. Decks, outdoor furniture, and other exposed wood should be maintained regularly.

Remove Attractants: Bees are drawn to flowers, sugary foods, and drinks. Keep food and drinks covered during outdoor activities and promptly clean up spills. If you have flowering plants near your home, consider planting them further away from entryways to reduce bee activity close to the house.

Use Mesh Screens: Installing fine mesh screens on vents, chimneys, and windows can prevent bees from entering your home.

Types of Treatment to Get Rid of Bees
If bees have already made their way into your home or built a nest nearby, there are various treatment options to consider:

Bee Removal Services: Since bees are vital pollinators, it’s best to contact a professional bee removal service, especially for honey bees. These services can relocate bee colonies without harming them.

Insecticide Sprays: For more aggressive bees or wasps, such as yellow jackets, insecticide sprays can be used to eliminate the nest. However, professional assistance is recommended to safely remove the nest and reduce the risk of being stung.

Preventative Treatments: For carpenter bees, treating wooden surfaces with insecticide or applying a preventative treatment during their active season (spring and summer) can help keep them away.

Pest Control Professionals: If you’re dealing with a large infestation or a particularly aggressive bee species, it’s advisable to consult a pest control professional. They can assess the situation and use safe, effective methods to eliminate or relocate the bees.

Conclusion
Bees are an important part of the ecosystem, but their presence around homes can sometimes be problematic. In New Jersey, common species such as honey bees, bumblebees, and carpenter bees are active during the warmer months and can cause issues ranging from stings to structural damage. Preventing bees from nesting near your home through regular maintenance and sealing entry points is key to avoiding problems. When necessary, professional bee removal services or pest control treatments can safely and effectively manage bee populations while preserving their vital role in pollination.